The palm oil industry has been increasingly relying on international private initiative schemes, e.g. RSPO (Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil). While the GoI (Government of Indonesia) established ISPO (Indonesian Sustainable Palm Oil) aimed to be the national standard. Despite the
Abstract The increasing global demands for palm oil is followed by the rising critique associated with sustainability issues towards the production practices as it is the main driver behind the massive agricultural expansion, causing large-scale deforestation and biodiversity loss in the
This study puts forth the importance of the smallholders’ role on the sustainability of palm oil. A comprehensive literature review has revealed that there are just case studies that attempt to analyze the relation between the key actors including Civil
